In this course we examine local, national and international environmental governance issues, with a focus on ethical principles, theories and frameworks that may be used to analyze and address a range of  problems relating to the environment and development, such as biodiversity conservation, deforestation and climate change, and fisheries management. We consider the organizations, institutions and actors influencing the use of the environment and resources, and we look for policies and tools to address the problems. A range of resource management regimes and modes of management are considered, including common property management, market and non-market incentives for resource management, decentralization, and corporate environmental behaviour.

The course adopts a discussion-based approach to learning which involves active student participation. Learning activities include interactive lectures with the course convener and guest lecturers, tutorials involving group work, class debate, and critical essays and reports.

It is recommended students  read the assigned material before the lecture, addressing at least the assigned questions. Supplementary readings are listed for each week (and available on the internet, or through the library) to exemplify the practical application of the theory discussed, or to allow interested students to go delve deeper in the frameworks and theories. Reading this material is not a requirement, unless specified by the course convener.

Learning Outcomes

Upon successful completion, students will have the knowledge and skills to:

1. have knowledge of key theories and frameworks underpinning environmental governance;
2. be able to critically analyse and write about environmental governance issues;
3. be capable to contribute to the development of solutions to environmental governance problems at the local, national and global levels.

Staff Feedback

Students will be given feedback in the following forms in this course:

• Written comments
• Verbal comments
• Feedback to the whole class, to groups, to individuals, focus groups

Student Feedback

ANU is committed to the demonstration of educational excellence and regularly seeks feedback from students. Students are encouraged to offer feedback directly to their Course Convener or through their College and Course representatives (if applicable). The feedback given in these surveys is anonymous and provides the Colleges, University Education Committee and Academic Board with opportunities to recognise excellent teaching, and opportunities for improvement. The Surveys and Evaluation website provides more information on student surveys at ANU and reports on the feedback provided on ANU courses.

Class Schedule

Week/Session	Summary of Activities	Assessment
1	Power and change: theory and practice Readings Rahman, Md et al 2018 Policy changes resulting in power changes? Quantitative evidence from 25 years of forest policy development in Bangladesh. Land Use Policy, 70: 419-431. This paper presents a short, useful review of policy analysis and change literature, and then applies it to a case study to consider how policy reform affects power. Green D., 2016. A power and system approach to making change happen. Chapter 12 in How Change Happens. Oxford University Press. This chapter presents a succinct description of the framework developed by this very experienced practitioner and activist who has worked with Oxfam for many years and is Professor of Practice at the London School of Economics.
2	The socpe of environmental governance Readings Lemos, M. C., A. Agrawal. 2006. Environmental governance. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 31: 297-325. This reading provides a perspective on the scope of environmental governance. The environmental problems considered are examples of how environmental governance may contribute to addressing current problems. Students who are not interested in those specific problems may like to skip the last part of the paper. Tacconi, L., 2011. Developing environmental governance research: The example of forest cover change studies. Environmental Conservation 38(2): 234-246. This paper contains the definition of environmental governance used in the course. If students would like to read about an example of how the study of environmental governance (intended as a trans-disciplinary field) may help to address an environmental problem, they may read the part on deforestation. Otherwise, you might skip that and focus on the later part of the paper. Bennett, N.J., T. Satterfield. 2018. Environmental governance: A practical framework to guide design, evaluation, and analysis. Conservation Letters, https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12600 Supplementary Hall, C.M. 2011. A typology of governance and its implications for tourism policy analysis. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 19(4-5): 437-457.
3	The nature of environmental issues and stakeholders Readings Briggs L. nd. Tackling wicked problems: A public policy perspective. Australian Public Service. A very practical discussion of wicked problems in general as seen by one of the top public servants in Australia. Reed, M. S., A. Graves, N. Dandy, H. Posthumus, K. Hubacek, J. Morris, C. Prell, C. H. Quinn, and L. C. Stringer. 2009. Who's in and why? A typology of stakeholder analysis methods for natural resource management. Journal of Environmental Management 90(5): 1933-1949. One of the most cited papers on stakeholder analysis, presents key aspects of the method, very useful as a background to prepare stakeholder analysis.
4	Principles for public decision making and key instruments Readings O’Neill, J., Sustainability, welfare and value over time. In W.N. Adger and A. Jordan (eds). Governing Sustainability. Cambridge University Press, pp. 283-304. This chapter presents a good summary of the issues related to the substitutability of capitals and discounting. Common, M., S. Stagl 2005. Ecological Economics: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge., Chapter 11 Environmental Policy Instruments pp 402-411 (escluding Section 11.3.1). Common, M., S. Stagl 2005. Ecological Economics: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Section 10.4 The Precautionary Principle and Safe Minimum Standards, pp 389-394. These two readings present key environmental policy instruments that may be employed in the governance of the environment. ?Supplementary Duit, A., A. Lof. 2015. Dealing with a wicked problem? A dark tale of carnivore management in Sweden: 2007-2011.
5	Business and the environment Readings Gunningham, N. 2009. Shaping corporate environmental performance: a review. Environmental Policy and Governance 19(4): 215-231. This paper provides a good, broad and historical overview of the debate about corporate environmental responsibility. Dummett, K. 2006. Drivers for Corporate Environmental Responsibility (CER). Environment, Development and Sustainability 8(3): 375-389. This paper presents the findings of a survey of the key factors that affect corporate environmental decision-making. Supplementary reading Porter, M., M. Kramer 2006. Strategy and Society: the link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility. Harvard Business Review, December, pp 78-93.
6	NGOs and the environment Readings Gulbrandsen, L.H., 2009. The emergence and effectiveness of the Marine Stewardship Council. Marine Policy 33(4): 654-660. The promotion of certification schemes has become a significant focus of some NGOs. This paper discusses the cases of one of the main environmental certification schemes. WWF, 2012. Better Production for a Living Planet report. http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/how_we_work/businesses/transforming_markets/ A perspective on promoting sustainable business from a one of the main global NGOs.
7	Local government and cities Readings Larson, A.M., F. Soto, 2008. Decentralization of natural resource governance regimes, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 33: 213-239. An excellent borad review of the topic, useful as an introduction to the literature and debate about decentralization. Tacconi, L. (2007). Decentralization, forests and livelihoods: theory and narrative. Global Environmental Change, 17(3-4): 338-348 Discusses the theory and hypotheses underlying the arguments in favour of decentralisation of natural resource management. Wild River, S. 2006. Australian local government attempts to deliver beneficial environmental outcomes. Local Environment 11:719-732. A paper that demonstrates the relevance of decentralization in the Australian ‘brown’ environmental management context. van der Heijden, S. 2014. Chapter 1 ‘Where are we today’ in Governance for urban sustainability and resilience: Responding to Climate Change and the Relevance of the Built Environment. Edward Elgar. A clear summary of key issues in urban governance by our guest speaker. Supplementary readings Irawan, S., L. Tacconi, I. Ring. (2013). Stakeholders’ incentives for land use change and REDD: the case of Indonesia. Ecological Economics, 87: 75-83. This paper is an example of the analysis required to understand the incentives faced by stakeholders, and the role of incentives in decentralized resource management. Wentworth Group 2012. Statement on changes to Commonwealth powers to protect Australia’s environment.
8	Corruption and anti-corruption in resource management Readings Tacconi, L., Williams, D.A. (2020) Corruption and anti-corruption in environmental and resource management. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 45: 305-329. This paper provides a state of the art review of the theory about corruption and anti-corruption, and considers the extent to which corruption affects environmental and rescue management sectors. It then address possible anti-corruption policies and needs to future research. Supplementary readings Hanish, Q., Tsamenyi, M. 2009. Managing fisheries and corruption in the Pacific Islands region. Marine Policy 33(2): 386-392. Transparency International 2008. Global Corruption Report 2008: Corruption in the Water Sector
9	Accountability and transparency Readings Van Bodegom, A.J. 2011. Improving Accountability for NRM Sectors at Different Scales and Levels: An Exploration. Centre for Development Innovation, Wageningen. This report presents an overview of the relevance of accountability in the context of the natural resource management sector. Gardner T.A. et al (2019) Transparency and sustainability in global commodity supply chains. World Development 121: 163-177. This paper addresses four key questions: (1) What is meant by supply chain transparency? (2) What is the relevance of supply chain transparency to supply chain sustainability governance? (3) What is the current status of supply chain transparency, and what are the strengths and weaknesses of existing initiatives? and (4) What propositions can be advanced for how transparency can have a positive transformative effect on the governance interventions that seek to strengthen sustainability outcomes? Kolstad, I. and A. Wiig. 2009. Is transparency the key to reducing corruption in resource-rich countries? World Development 37(3): 521-532. An in-depth discussion of transparency (including definition), and its possible role in addressing corruption. Supplementary readings Haufer, V. 2010. Disclosure as governance: The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative and resource management in the developing world. Global Environmental Politics, 10(3): 53-73. Ralph Hamann and Paul Kapelus, 2004. Corporate Social Responsibility in mining in Southern Africa: Fair accountability or just greenwash? Development, 47(3), 85-92.
10	Community-based natural resource management and co-management Readings Blaikie, P. 2006. Is small really beautiful? Community-based natural resource management in Malawi and Botswana. World Development 34:1942-1957. A rather critical analysis of the viability of CBNRM approaches, grounded into two African countries. Ostrom, E. 2007. A diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas. PNAS 104(39): 15181-15187 Berkes, F. (2007). Community-based conservation in a globalized world. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(39), 15188-15193. Discusses the need for multilevel analysis and implementation of CBNRM, and supports the use of a diagnostic approach within a pluralistic framework rather than a blueprint one. Armitage, D., et al. 2009. Adaptive co-management for social-ecological complexity. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7(2): 95-102. This paper presents the core features of adaptive co-management. Supplementary reading Ansell, C., A. Gash, 2008. Collaborative governance in theory and practice. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 18(4) 543-571. This paper presents a usefull summary of key variables that may affect the outcome of government-initiated governance activities. These factors may be used as a checklist to design this type of activities.
11	Law enforcement and compliance Readings Gupta, S. (2019). Environmental enforcement and compliance in developing countries: Evidence from India. World Development, 117: 313-327. Provides a review of the theory of environmental enforcement and compliance in the developing countries, and considers the case of air pollution in India. Duffy, R. et al. (2019) Why we must question the militarization of conservation. Biological Conservation, 232: 66-73. This paper sees law enforcement in conservation activities as the militarisation of conservation. It identifies and reflects on the problems militarisation produces for wildlife, for people living with wildlife and for those tasked with implementing militarised strategies.
12	International environmental agreements and the case of haze in SE Asia Readings Mitchell, R. B. 2003. International environmental agreements: a survey of their features, formation, and effects. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 28: 429-461. This paper is a very conmprehensive review of the features, formation, and effects of international environmental agreements (IEAs). Hempel, Lamont. 1996. Chapter 5: The environmental policy-making process. In: Environmental Governance: The Global Challenge. Island Press, Washington, D.C. This chapter provides a very good summary of the policy-making process, which is relevant to the analysis of the negotiation and formation of IEAs. For this tutorial, the following papers should be read in advance: Tacconi, L. (2016). Preventing fires and haze in Southeast Asia. Nature Climate Change, 6(7) 640-643 Huay Lee J.S. et al 2016 Toward clearer skies: Challenges in regulating transboundary haze in Southeast Asia. Environmental Science & Policy 55 (2016) 87-95.

Assessment Summary

Assessment task	Value	Due Date	Return of assessment	Learning Outcomes
Stakeholders analysis paper	40 %	01/04/2021	16/04/2021	1,2
Podcast to present the draft essay	10 %	14/05/2021	21/05/2021	1,2,3
Essay	50 %	31/05/2021	02/07/2021	1,2,3

* If the Due Date and Return of Assessment date are blank, see the Assessment Tab for specific Assessment Task details

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ANU has educational policies, procedures and guidelines, which are designed to ensure that staff and students are aware of the University’s academic standards, and implement them. Students are expected to have read the Academic Misconduct Rule before the commencement of their course. Other key policies and guidelines include:

• Student Assessment (Coursework) Policy and Procedure
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• Deferred Examinations
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Assessment Requirements

The ANU is using Turnitin to enhance student citation and referencing techniques, and to assess assignment submissions as a component of the University's approach to managing Academic Integrity. For additional information regarding Turnitin please visit the ANU Online website Students may choose not to submit assessment items through Turnitin. In this instance you will be required to submit, alongside the assessment item itself, hard copies of all references included in the assessment item.

Moderation of Assessment

Marks that are allocated during Semester are to be considered provisional until formalised by the College examiners meeting at the end of each Semester. If appropriate, some moderation of marks might be applied prior to final results being released.

Assessment Task 1

Stakeholders analysis paper

The details of the task and the assessment criteria are available on Wattle

Assessment Task 2

Podcast to present the draft essay

The details of the task and the assessment criteria are available on Wattle

Assessment Task 3

Essay

The details of the task and the assessment criteria are available on Wattle

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