Westerners prior to the foundation of Modern Turkey referred to the Ottoman State as Turkey.  The usage was vague and most probably in Western mind covered only Asia Minor and Thrace where the Muslims (in the sense of Turks) were in majority regardless of their ethnic origin.  The Balkans and Arabia as well as almost all of North Africa were once the Ottoman lands with a continuing Ottoman heritage and culture.  The word Turkey was used for a geographical region that fell between the Balkans and Arabia, but with no clear-cut boundaries.  The First World War marked the end of Ottoman Empire.  The Allied Plan for the so called Turkey confined the Turks to central part of northern Anatolia.  The Turks under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, later the founder of Modern Turkey, fought the War of Liberation.  Fighting against the great imperial powers of the day they were finally able to secure the boundaries of Modern Turkish Republic.  Ataturk was declared as the first president of Turkey.  The new modern state was founded following the Western model and started to act as a bridge between the East and the West.

There is still controversy as to whether Turkey was founded on the Ottoman heritage or not.  In any case it is generally accepted that the Ottoman culture and its heterogeneous population were an amalgamation and continuation of the most civilized Christian and Islamic empires such as the Roman and Byzantine, Abbasid and Seljuk.  It is very fortunate that the ethno-cultural problems that have already existed or were created during the process of breaking up the Ottoman Empire are kept alive and continue to pose danger to both Modern Turkey and the newly found states in the Balkans and the Middle East.  The main concern of this course will be to analyse these problems within the dynamic framework of change and continuity.  The course will also concentrate on the political, cultural, economic and social dangers that Modern Turkey, as a bridge between the Middle East and West, is facing today.