Join us on an exciting journey tailored for students who are passionate about pushing the boundaries of computing technology. The Bachelor of Advanced Computing (Research and Development) (Honours) program is designed to immerse you in a dynamic learning environment where you'll not only master advanced computing concepts but also engage deeply in hands-on research and development projects. From day one, you'll dive into a blend of challenging advanced coursework that covers everything from foundational principles to cutting-edge algorithms and software engineering techniques. Classes are interactive and designed to cultivate your critical thinking and problem-solving abilities, essential skills for tackling complex real-world challenges.
What sets the Bachelor of Advanced Computing (Research and Development) (Honours) program apart is its emphasis on research. You'll have the opportunity to work closely with renowned faculty members on groundbreaking research projects. This hands-on experience isn't just about learning theory—it's about applying what you've learned to solve real problems and contribute to advancements in computing. Within your degree program, you have the flexibility to learn and explore the range of computing offerings, and you can choose to complete a Computing Major or Specialisation if you want to study an area in more depth. Beyond the classroom, the program encourages interdisciplinary exploration. You'll have the flexibility to explore connections between computing and other fields like mathematics, biology, creative arts and social sciences. This interdisciplinary approach enriches your understanding and equips you with a broader perspective and adaptable skills that are highly sought after in today's tech-driven world.
As a Bachelor of Advanced Computing (Research and Development) (Honours) student, you'll graduate with a robust skill set and a portfolio of real-world projects that showcase your expertise. Whether your goal is to develop innovative software solutions, pursue advanced research opportunities, or lead technology initiatives, the ANU Bachelor of Advanced Computing (Research and Development) (Honours) program prepares you to excel in diverse career paths within the vibrant and evolving field of computing.
Engaging with Asia as a part of Asia is a strategic imperative for Australia. The Bachelor of Asian Studies provides a pathway for ambitious and adventurous people in all fields of study to gain the language skills and cultural-historical expertise critical to leading that engagement. Graduates emerge with a nuanced understanding of the Asian region and its complex national and subnational parts.
Watch our video to find out how the Bachelor of Asian Studies can help you make a difference where it matters in Asia and beyond.
The Bachelor of Asian Studies provides a firm footing in how to study and engage with Asia with both language and discipline/area studies to create a unique and world class experience.
The College of Asia and the Pacific's (CAP's) breadth of Asia and Pacific language offerings is unmatched anywhere in Australia is globally recognised. All students in the Bachelor of Asian Studies must complete at least four course/a minor in an Asian language, and we encourage students who begin the study of an Asian language at university to complete a full language major in order to graduate with the proficiency required to function as an Asia specialist in the competitive job market. Placement testing allows students with existing expertise in a language to enter at their current proficiency level and develop their language skills from that point.
CAP offers a world-leading concentration of disciplinary expertise in regionally-focused and globally-aware Security Studies, Linguistics, Politics, Anthropology, and History. Our focused discipline and area studies majors communicate this expertise to students. You can focus your studies in disciplines or choose instead to study a particular geographic region within Asia and bring a range of disciplinary perspectives to bear on exploring and understanding that area.
Our majors incorporate experiential and independent research courses that equip graduates with critical thinking skills that are contextualised with regional understandings and the capacity to communicate that across cultures. A sequence of transdisciplinary problem solving courses grants students the opportunity to develop and articulate creative solutions to emerging global and regional challenges.
Graduates from the Bachelor of Asian Studies at ANU will define Australia’s productive and peaceful engagement with the region through the 21st century.
Career Options
ANU ranks among the world's very finest universities. Our nearly 100,000 alumni include political, business, government, and academic leaders around the world.
We have graduated remarkable people from every part of our continent, our region and all walks of life.
Employment Opportunities
Innovative solutions to many of the problems in society today will come from those working in R&D and are at the forefront of new product design and development as well as being a wealth and change generator. After graduation, students choose to become innovators and leaders in R&D roles in IT or other industries, government, academia, or by creating their own start-ups.
BACR&D students can work across a range of industries in a variety of roles. Examples include:
- Data Mining Specialist
- Big Data Analyst
- Human-Computer Interaction Specialist,
- Software Developer
- Embedded systems developer
- Network Architect
- Systems Analyst
- Advanced Software Solutions Engineer
- Software Architect
Our graduates work in many organisations including IBM, Google, Microsoft, Intel, Atlassian, Price Waterhouse Coopers, Accenture, National Australia Bank, Deloitte, Reserve Bank of Australia and the Australian Signals Directorate.
Students graduating with AACRD have been accepted directly into PhD programs around the world including ANU.
Innovative solutions to many of the problems in society today will come from those working in R&D and are at the forefront of new product design and development as well as being a wealth and change generator. After graduation, students choose to become innovators and leaders in R&D roles in IT or other industries, government, academia, or by creating their own start-ups.
BACR&D students can work across a range of industries in a variety of roles. Examples include:
- Data Mining Specialist
- Big Data Analyst
- Human-Computer Interaction Specialist,
- Software Developer
- Embedded systems developer
- Network Architect
- Systems Analyst
- Advanced Software Solutions Engineer
- Software Architect
Our graduates work in many organisations including IBM, Google, Microsoft, Intel, Atlassian, Price Waterhouse Coopers, Accenture, National Australia Bank, Deloitte, Reserve Bank of Australia and the Australian Signals Directorate.
Students graduating with AACRD have been accepted directly into PhD programs around the world including ANU.
Learning Outcomes
- Define and analyse complex problems, and design, implement and evaluate solutions that demonstrate an understanding of the systems context in which software is developed and operated including economic, social, historical, sustainability and ethical aspects
- Demonstrate an operational and theoretical understanding of the foundations of computer science including programming, algorithms, logic, architectures and data structures
- Illustrate an understanding of deep knowledge in at least one area of computer science
- Demonstrate a deep understanding of the fundamentals of research methodologies, including defining research problems, evaluating background readings, developing literature reviews, designing experiments, and effectively communicating results to a transdisciplinary audience.
- Proficiently apply research methods to the solution of contemporary research problems in computer science.
- Demonstrate an understanding of different disciplinary approaches and methods drawn from the humanities and social sciences, to synthesise knowledge about Asia, its regions, and its place in the world.
- Demonstrate a nuanced understanding of the regional diversity of the societies, cultures, and life-systems perspectives across Asia and Oceania.
- Develop, refine, and apply the skills to recognise transdisciplinary opportunities and collaborate to solve complex transdisciplinary problems.
- Evaluate ideas and debate issues in both English and an Asian language, using academic style for written work.
- Critically apply theoretical frameworks and research techniques to understand the global significance of Asia as a region and as a composite of diverse societies and cultures.
- Exercise critical thinking and judgment in identifying and solving problems, individually and in groups.
Further Information
The Bachelor of Advanced Computing (Research & Development) is a four-year program that has been specifically designed to provide exceptional students with early experience in undertaking research and or development. The program combines a strong foundation in computer science and mathematics, a specialty advanced computing curricula unique to the ANU, and a project-based, research-intensive course of study, also unique to the ANU. It provides ample scope for the student to pursue research in individual areas of interest, working with researchers of international distinction in the areas of computer science, engineering and mathematics.
Students are required to maintain high grades to remain and complete this program. Students who are unable to maintain these grades may transfer into the Bachelor of Advanced Computing (Honours) degree program.
The BAC(R&D) is not a professionally accredited degree, while the BAC is accredited by the Australian Computer Society (ACS).
Program Transfers
Current students wishing to transfer into the Bachelor of Advanced Computing (Research & Development) are required to achieve at least an 80% average in the university courses they have completed and be deemed suitable by an interview with the program convenor. Generally, students would need to transfer into the program before the end of their second year.
Learn more about the degrees offered at the ANU College of Engineering and Computer Science, read current student profiles to see what campus life is really like, and discover what our graduates have achieved since leaving the College by visiting the College of Engineering, Computing and Cybernetics website.
The Bachelor of Advanced Computing (Research & Development) is a four-year program that has been specifically designed to provide exceptional students with early experience in undertaking research and or development. The program combines a strong foundation in computer science and mathematics, a specialty advanced computing curricula unique to the ANU, and a project-based, research-intensive course of study, also unique to the ANU. It provides ample scope for the student to pursue research in individual areas of interest, working with researchers of international distinction in the areas of computer science, engineering and mathematics.
Students are required to maintain high grades to remain and complete this program. Students who are unable to maintain these grades may transfer into the Bachelor of Advanced Computing (Honours) degree program.
The BAC(R&D) is not a professionally accredited degree, while the BAC is accredited by the Australian Computer Society (ACS).
Program Transfers
Current students wishing to transfer into the Bachelor of Advanced Computing (Research & Development) are required to achieve at least an 80% average in the university courses they have completed and be deemed suitable by an interview with the program convenor. Generally, students would need to transfer into the program before the end of their second year.
Learn more about the degrees offered at the ANU College of Engineering and Computer Science, read current student profiles to see what campus life is really like, and discover what our graduates have achieved since leaving the College by visiting the College of Engineering, Computing and Cybernetics website.
Admission Requirements
- ATAR:
- 98
- International Baccalaureate:
- 42
Pathways
Bachelor of Advanced Computing (Honours) is the pathway for students who meet the Maths pre-requisites but do not have the required score for direct entry into this program.
Eligible students should enrol in the Bachelor of Advanced Computing (Honours) complete the Advanced first-year courses and if they can maintain a High Distinction average in their first year, they may be approved to transfer into the R&D program in their second year.
Prerequisites
ACT: Mathematical Methods (Major)/Further Mathematics (Major)/Specialist Mathematics/Specialist Methods (Major)
NSW: HSC Mathematics Advanced or equivalent.
VIC: Mathematics Methods or equivalent
QLD: Mathematics Methods or equivalent
TAS: Mathematical methods/Mathematics Specialised/Mathematics 1 and II through U Tas/Both Mathematics 1 and II through UTAS/Both Advanced Calculus and Applications 1A and 1B through UTAS
SA / NT: Mathematical Methods or equivalent
WA: Mathematical Methods or equivalent
IB: Mathematics: Applications and Interpretations HL/Mathematics: Analysis and Approaches SL or HL
Adjustment Factors
Adjustment factors are combined with an applicant's secondary education results to determine their Selection Rank. ANU offers adjustment factors based on equity, diversity, and/or performance principles, such as for recognition of difficult circumstances that students face in their studies.
To be eligible for adjustment factors, you must have:
- achieved a Selection Rank of 70 or more before adjustment factors are applied
- if you have undertaken higher education, completed less than one year full-time equivalent (1.0 FTE) of a higher education program
- applied for an eligible ANU bachelor degree program
Please visit the ANU Adjustment Factors website for further information.
Indicative fees
Bachelor of Advanced Computing (Research and Development) (Honours) - Commonwealth Supported Place (CSP)
Bachelor of Asian Studies - Commonwealth Supported Place (CSP)
For more information see: http://www.anu.edu.au/students/program-administration/costs-fees
- Annual indicative fee for international students
- $53,700.00
Scholarships
ANU offers a wide range of scholarships to students to assist with the cost of their studies.
Eligibility to apply for ANU scholarships varies depending on the specifics of the scholarship and can be categorised by the type of student you are. Specific scholarship application process information is included in the relevant scholarship listing.
For further information see the Scholarships website.
Program Requirements
The Bachelor of Advanced Computing (Research and Development) (Honours) flexible double degree component requires completion of 144 units, of which:
A maximum of 48 units may come from completion of 1000-level courses
The 144 units must include:
78 units from completion of compulsory courses from the following list:
COMP1130 Programming as Problem Solving (Advanced) (6 units)
COMP1140 Structured Programming (Advanced) (6 units)
COMP1600 Foundations of Computing (6 units)
COMP2100 Software Construction (6 units)
COMP2300 Computer Architecture (6 units)
COMP2550 Computing R&D Methods (6 units)
COMP3600 Algorithms (6 units)
COMP3770 Individual Research Project which must be completed twice, in consecutive semesters (6+6 units)
COMP4550 Computing Research Project which must be completed twice, in consecutive semesters (12+12 units).
18 units from completion of courses from the following list:
MATH1005 Discrete Mathematical Models (6 units)
MATH1013 Mathematics and Applications 1 (6 units)
MATH1014 Mathematics and Applications 2 (6 units)
MATH1115 Advanced Mathematics and Applications 1 (6 units)
MATH1116 Advanced Mathematics and Applications 2 (6 units)
MATH2222 Introduction to Mathematical Thinking: Problem-Solving and Proofs (6 units)
STAT1003 Statistical Techniques (6 units)
STAT1008 Quantitative Research Methods (6 units)
24 units from the completion of 4000-level courses from the subject area COMP Computer Science
12 units of Transdisciplinary Problem-Solving tagged courses
12 units from completion of elective courses offered by ANU, which may include courses in the subject area COMP Computer Science
After the first four periods of enrolment students must achieve a minimum 75% Weighted Average Mark in Computing courses. Students who do not achieve a minimum 75% Weighted Average Mark will be transferred to the Bachelor of Advanced Computing (Honours).
To continue into the final year of the program students must have completed 144 units and achieved a minimum 80% Weighted Average Mark calculated from the courses that contribute to the final Honours grade calculation. Students who do not achieve this 80% Weighted Average Mark will be automatically transferred to the Bachelor of Advanced Computing (Honours) degree.
To graduate with the Bachelor of Advanced Computing (Research and Development) (Honours) students must achieve a minimum 80% final Honours mark. Students who do not achieve a minimum 80% final Honours mark will be transferred to the Bachelor of Advanced Computing (Honours) degree program prior to graduating.
Honours Calculation
COMP4801 Final Honours Grade will be used to record the Class of Honours and the Mark. The Honours Mark will be a weighted average percentage mark (APM) calculated by first calculating the average mark for 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 level courses. We denote these averages: A1, A2, A3, and A4 respectively. The averages are calculated based on all courses completed (including fails), that are listed in the program requirements, excluding non-COMP-coded electives, giving NCN and WN a nominal mark of zero. Finally, these averages are combined using the formula APM = (0.1 X A1) + (0.2 X A2) + (0.3 X A3) + (0.4 X A4).
The APM will then be used to determine the final grade according to the ANU Honours grading scale, found at http://www.anu.edu.au/students/program-administration/assessments-exams/grading-scale.
The Bachelor of Asian Studies flexible double degree component requires completion of 96 units, of which:
A maximum of 36 units may come from completion of 1000-level courses
A minimum of 18 units must come from completion of 3000-level courses
The 96 units must consist of:
96 units as follows:
12 units from completion of the following compulsory courses:
ASIA1025 Asia and the Pacific: Power, Diversity and Change
ASIA1030 Asia and the Pacific in Motion
48 units from completion of one of the following majors:
Asian and Pacific Culture, Media, and Gender
Asian History
Chinese Studies
South Asian Studies
Japanese Linguistics
Japanese Studies
Korean Studies
Northeast Asian Studies
Southeast Asian Studies
Chinese Language
Hindi Language
Indonesian Language
Japanese Language
Korean Language
Sanskrit Language
Thai Language
Vietnamese Language
A minimum of 12 units of courses tagged as Transdisciplinary Problem-Solving
A minimum of 12 and maximum of 24 units from completion of courses:
in an Asian Language minor to meet the Asian Language requirements
in one or more of the majors listed above
12 units from completion of the following compulsory courses:
ASIA1025 Asia and the Pacific: Power, Diversity and Change
ASIA1030 Asia and the Pacific in Motion
48 units from completion of one of the following majors:
Asian and Pacific Culture, Media, and Gender
Asian History
Chinese Studies
South Asian Studies
Japanese Linguistics
Japanese Studies
Korean Studies
Northeast Asian Studies
Southeast Asian Studies
Chinese Language
Hindi Language
Indonesian Language
Japanese Language
Korean Language
Sanskrit Language
Thai Language
Vietnamese Language
A minimum of 12 units of courses tagged as Transdisciplinary Problem-Solving
A minimum of 12 and maximum of 24 units from completion of courses:
in an Asian Language minor to meet the Asian Language requirements
in one or more of the majors listed above.
Majors
Bachelor of Asian Studies Majors
Minors
Bachelor of Asian Studies Minors
Specialisations
Bachelor of Advanced Computing (Research and Development) (Honours) Specialisations
Study Options
Year 1 | COMP1130 Programming as Problem Solving (Advanced) 6 units | MATH1005 Discrete Mathematical Models 6 units | MATH1115 Advanced Mathematics and Applications 1 6 units OR MATH1013; | |
COMP1140 Structured Programming (Advanced) 6 units | COMP1600 Foundations of Computing 6 units | MATH1116 Advanced Mathematics and Applications 2 6 units OR MATH1014; | ||
Year 2 | COMP2100 Software Construction 6 units | COMP2550 Computing R&D Methods 6 units | COMP2300 Computer Architecture 6 units | |
COMP2120 Software Engineering 6 units | COMP2310 Systems, Networks, and Concurrency 6 units | COMP2560 | ||
Year 3 | COMP2420 | Computing Research Specialisation 6 units | ||
COMP3600 Algorithms 6 units | Computing Research Specialisation 6 units | |||
Year 4 | COMP3770 Computing Research Project (R&D) 6 units | Computing Research Specialisation 6 units | ||
COMP3770 Computing Research Project (R&D) 6 units | Computing Research Specialisation 6 units | |||
Year 5 | COMP4550 Computing Research Project 12 units | COMP4550 | ||
COMP4550 Computing Research Project 12 units | COMP4550 |
Back to the Bachelor of Advanced Computing (Research and Development) (Honours) page
The Bachelor of Advanced Computing (Research & Development) AACRD can be taken as a part of many double degrees. In a double degree you may not be able to complete a major in a computing discipline depending on your other degree. For help on planning your double degree follow the advice on the College Student Services Website.
Single degree
The single degree offers 60 units (ten courses) of electives that can be taken from additional computing courses enabling you to complete a Computing major, minor, or additional specialisation), or a major or minor from another College.
There are 12 units of elective courses in the degree that can be used to meet your Transdisciplinary Problem-Solving (TD) requirements with any ANU TD tagged courses (including COMP). By following your degree rules you will meet your TD program requirements.
Double degree
- The Double degree allows 12 units of electives to allow you to explore subjects across ANU.
- There are 12 units of elective courses in the degree that can be used to meet your 12 units
- Transdisciplinary Problem-Solving requirements across the Double degree. By following your degree rules you will meet your TD program requirements. ·
- You can find your double degree with BAC(R&D) from Program and Courses
About this degree
- Typically you will study 4 courses per semester (total of 24 units) as a
full time student giving you a total of 24 courses across your whole
degree.
- The degree comprises compulsory requirements, Computing electives, research and development projects, and University electives.
- You can choose to complete one, or more, of the AACOM Specialisations, BCOMP majors or HCCC Minor using your computing and University electives. Talk to the College Student Services about how to plan your degree to include any of these options after your first semester.
24-unit Specialisations:
§ Human-Centred and Creative Computing
§ Machine Learning § Systems and Architecture
§ Theoretical Computer Science
48-unit Majors
§ HCCC-MAJ Human-Centred and Creative Computing
§ INFS-MAJ Information Systems
§ INSY-MAJ Intelligent SystemsFollow the steps here: Declaring majors, minors & specialisations to declare your Specialisation and any majors you wish to take, noting the dates this can be done. You do not need to declare any majors or Specialisations until your second or third year but note that you need to plan to complete the required courses to meet their requirements.
Enrolment Status
While it is possible to enrol in fewer courses per semester, which is called studying part-time, it will take you longer to finish your program and get your degree. If you are an international student, you must always be full-time.
· You cannot study more than four courses (24 units) per semester, eight for the year without permission
Important things to keep in mind when choosing your 1000-level courses
- Students doing double degrees with business degrees do STAT1008 in place of STAT1003 and take an additional Computing elective.
- You may take 1000-level courses later in your program. But remember you can’t count more than ten 1000-level courses (60 units) towards your single degree or six 1000-level courses (36 units) towards your BAC(R&D) half of the double degree.
Study Options
Bachelor of Advanced Computing (Research & Development) (Honours)
Study Options
Year 1 48 units | COMP1130 Programming as Problem Solving (Advanced) 6 units | MATH1005 Discrete Mathematical Models 6 units | MATH1115 Advanced Mathematics and Applications 1 6 units OR MATH1013; | University Elective |
COMP1140 Structured Programming (Advanced) 6 units | COMP1600 Foundations of Computing 6 units | MATH1116 Advanced Mathematics and Applications 2 6 units OR MATH1014; | University Elective |
Bachelor of Advanced Computing (Research & Development) (Honours)
Study Options
Year 1 48 units | COMP1130 Programming as Problem Solving (Advanced) 6 units | MATH1005 Discrete Mathematical Models 6 units | MATH1115 Advanced Mathematics and Applications 1 6 units OR MATH1013; | Other Degree course |
COMP1140 Structured Programming (Advanced) 6 units | COMP1600 Foundations of Computing 6 units | MATH1116 Advanced Mathematics and Applications 2 6 units OR MATH1014; | Other Degree course |
Academic Advice
The Study Options below are a guide, depending on your personal circumstances and interests you may need to move Electives and courses into different semesters.
If you want to talk to someone before enrolling or have your study plan reviewed review the information on Getting Started in your Study Program and then contact the College Student Enquiries team student.css@anu.edu.au
Back to the Bachelor of Asian Studies page
A single three year undergraduate degree offered by the ANU College of Asia and the Pacific Australia
is increasingly looking to Asia - strategically, economically,
politically, and culturally - and all eyes are on the graduates of
tomorrow to take us there. Watch our video to find out how this degree will prepare you for a successful career in the Asian Century. With
a Bachelor of Asian Studies you will master an Asian language, acquire
in-depth contextual knowledge, and graduate with the kind of Asian
literacy that gets you noticed by employers. And if you love adventure, we offer you a variety of study opportunities in the region so you can experience Asia first hand. Plus we'll provide you with funding to help get you there.
Single degree
This degree requires the completion of 144 units, comprising of:
A maximum of 60 units of 1000 level courses
12 units of compulsory courses (ASIA1025 and ASIA1030)
24 units from the designated language core courses
12 units of discipline core courses
48 units from the completion of majors, minors and courses offered by the ANU College of Asia and the Pacific
48 units from the completion of elective courses offered by the ANU
Double degree
This degree requires the completion of 96 units, comprising of:
A maximum of 36 units of 1000 level courses
12 units of compulsory courses
24 units from the designated language core courses
12 units of discipline core courses
48 units from the completion of majors, minors and courses offered by the ANU College of Asia and the Pacific
Enrolment Status
While it's possible to enrol in fewer courses per semester, which is called studying part-time, it will take you longer to finish your program and get your degree. If you are an international student you must always be full-time.
Important things to keep in mind when choosing your 1000-level courses
When you enrol for the first time you will study ‘1000-level’ courses. These courses have ‘1’ as the first number in their course code, such as ASIA1234.
You need to enrol in courses for both First Semester and Second Semester. You can’t study more than four courses (24 units) per semester, eight for the year. You need to enrol in courses to meet the requirements of the program, including ASIA1025, ASIA1030, courses for the language requirement and electives. But remember you can’t count more than ten 1000-level courses (60 units) towards your single degree program.
Majors and Minors
See available majors and minors for this program
While you only need to enrol in courses to complete the requirements of your degree, you can use your core and compulsory courses to enrol in 1000-level courses for a major or minor. That way you keep your options open. Once you've selected courses for a major, and/or a minor or second major, you should choose electives to make up the balance of your courses.
Electives
While you only need to enrol in courses to complete the requirements of your degree, you can use your elective courses to enrol in 1000-level courses for a major
or minor. That way you keep your options open. Once you've selected
courses for a major, and/or a minor or second major, you should choose
electives to make up the balance of your courses.
To find 1000-level courses, search
Programs and Courses. Remember you can choose up to 8 courses from another
ANU College at the University if you are undertaking the single Bachelor of
Asian Studies program.
Study Options
Bachelor of Asian Studies Single Degree Study Plan
This is only an example of how you may plan your degree. Depending on how you structure your degree or if you undertake learning abroad, this may be different. Please contact your College for degree planning assistance.Study Options
Year 1 48 units | ASIA1025 Asia and the Pacific: Power, diversity and change 6 units | Language Course 6 units | Elective 6 units | Elective 6 units |
ASIA1030 Asia and the Pacific in Motion 6 units | Language Course 6 units | Elective 6 units | Elective 6 units |
Bachelor of Asian Studies Double Degree Study Plan
This is only an example of how you may plan your degree. Depending on how you structure your degree or if you undertake learning abroad, this may be different. Please contact your College for degree planning assistance.Study Options
Year 1 48 units | ASIA1025 Asia and the Pacific: Power, diversity and change 6 units | Language Course 6 units | Course from other Degree 6 units | Course from other Degree 6 units |
ASIA1030 Asia and the Pacific in Motion 6 units | Language Course 6 units | Course from other Degree 6 units | Course from other Degree 6 units |